c. one-way ANOVA The scatterplot must form a linear pattern. d. correlated, If you are trying to predict Y scores from X scores, X is referred to as the ____. I took your 78 quarterly values and arbitrarily selected A as the output series and B as the input. If the correlation between X and Y is equal to -1.0, what do we know about the prediction of Y by X? 42000 To analyze the differences in well being between the students in with the three different "treatments," and two cohorts she would use a(n) ______________________. This lessons explains what a predictor variable is and how they differ from other types of variables. a. independent variable Write a sample research question where the McNemar test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use. b. factor effect b. r-test (T/F), In the chi-square test for independence, expected values and observed values are used, just like in the chi-square goodness of fit test. Sig." Which of the following symbols is associated with the independent variable in the regression equation? In the example we just used now, Mia is using attendance as a means to predict another variable, grade point average. There are 100 students in a class, 50 male and 50 female. Which of the following is used to illustrate the best guess as to the predicted Y variable score based on X? Using t-tests, you can determine if the two groups differ on other variables included in the sample. b. multivariate ANOVA Added predictor and criterion variables should have a relationship List three reasons why there may be a correlation between the predictor variable of short sleeves and buying ice cream. What variable of interest might be correlated to age or sex? So ML model is implied to predict a few target variables, but one time for each item: It appears, that I can't find in sklearn or a similar kit a way to fit model with this type of train-input/train-output. 47000 Which of the following is used to compare the medians from two samples? Create your account. A regression equation can be visually represented on a ____________. (The independent variable in this situation would be food supply, with the outcome variable the level of activity). For example, you probably wouldn't want to tell someone to deliberately take a pay cut and report their happiness to you; it can only be observed from afar and without interference. Let's say Mia conducted her study and found that students who attended more days of school had the highest grades. The correlation coefficient is represented as a value, while the regression line is a visual representation. If your goal is to predict one variable from another and the explanatory variable is measured in kilograms, the response variable must also be . Which of the following is like a standard deviation for all error scores in regression? A predictor variable is a variable that is being used to predict some other variable or outcome. b. compute the correlation The general formula for a regression line is ________. b. perfect Dealing with hard questions during a software developer interview. Predictor variables are often confused with independent variables, which are manipulated by the researcher in an experiment. What would be the problem with conducting a true experiment regarding smoking during pregnancy? Does this mean attending school causes your grade point average to increase? - IrishStat Sep 6, 2019 at 11:58 Scientists try to figure out how the natural world works.To do this they use experiments to search for cause and effect relationships. STEPS IN MULTIPLE REGRESSION The steps in multiple regression are basically the same as in simple regression. false pass a data.frame via the newdata argument. a. p-test c. 3x3 ANOVA Factor $b^4 a-81 a^5$ completely. c. analysis of variance c. 2.69 Which of the following is the most commonly used nonparametric test? d. one-way ANOVA, The factorial ANOVA is used when you have: Let x be the age of the ostrich (in weeks) and, . (T/F), The one sample chi-square is used to determine whether the distribution of a single categorical variable is significantly different from that which would be expected by chance. Expansion is estimated to cost $10 million including the required new facilities and additional trucks. What is the maximum profit? The cluster can be used to predict many or all of the target attributes. Is there any way to do this without hand-implementing whole pipeline? a. the predictors, the outcome I used AUTOBOX a piece of software that I have helped to develop in it's optionally totally automatic mode. d. criterion point, To predict one variable from another, you must first: Later, after the shock, A decreases also much faster. Question 27 EE Company, a manufacturer of a single product, has provided the following standards for its variable overhead Standard hours per unit of output 9.7 hours Standard variable overhead. Just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one variable causes another variable to change. Cause and effect relationships explain why things happen and allow you to reliably predict the outcomes of . and level of parent involvement, what is the dependent variable of interest? a. analysis of variance I have two times series: A and B, they are highly correlated. d. dependent variable, Using the regression formula with a slope=1000 and intercept=25000, what would the predicted income be for someone who has 20 years of education? 1 They help predict the unknown. 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Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. b. c. very small populations d. MS within, In the factorial ANOVA, particplants are tested: Least squares regression is not the only form of . We use Y' because it is the predicted value of Y, not the actual Y value. A one-sample chi-square test would be used in this situation. b) Is the process for making baseballs in control? 1 Correlation is another way to measure how two variables are related: see the section "Correlation". A one-sample chi-square is also known as a ________. a. students' attitudes Predict one variable based on another similar, https://1drv.ms/u/s!Am9f1Ox4hcd-6VizdMp9r3sbWIYe?e=HiTGBF, https://1drv.ms/u/s!Am9f1Ox4hcd-6VkG6TvCkY0Id6DC?e=Fc2OfB, http://docplayer.net/12080848-Outliers-level-shifts-and-variance-changes-in-time-series.html, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. When determining the number of predictor variables to use to predict a criterion, you need to keep these guidelines in mind: a. the resources you have . One of my time series have one more data point. a. c. n-1/k (T/F), A perfect correlation would translate into perfect prediction in the case of linear regression. If se.fit is TRUE, a list with the following components is returned: To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Analysis of variance Repeated measures Linear regression Correlational analysis QUESTION 3 To predict one variable from another, you must first: Compute the mean Compute the standard deviation Compute the correlation Compute the variance. b. it's positive a. related To bypass this, I realise that var1 is strongly positively correlated with some other continuous variable var2 that is very easy to collect. Students could give any example; the guidelines would be that two variables need to be used, the variables need to be categorical in nature, and they need to be testing for independence (or in the opposite viewtesting for association or relatedness). b. multiply to slope by the value of the independent variable All the modeling aspects in the R program will make use of the predict() function in their own way, but note that the functionality of the predict() function remains the same irrespective of the case.. For example (in R): 1. 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By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. $$. x=a \theta \cos \theta, \quad y=a \theta \sin \theta, \quad \text { for } \theta \text { in }(-\infty, \infty) . b. specific comparisons (T/F), Parametric statistics are preferred when you are analyzing categorical variables. If you are trying to predict Y scores from X scores, Y is referred to as the ________. c. F c. intercept An interaction effect occurs when the effect of one variable depends on the value of another variable. Predictor variables are very commonly used to predict other variables, but do not necessary show a causal relationship with such variables. 2.97 -1 c. 40000 First it is the "line of best fit" which minimizes that distance between the line and each of the points of the predicted variable on a scatterplot. (Payments will be made at the end of every half-year period.). Second, the line allows us to predict one score given the value of the independent variable. c. dependent d. add the slope to the value of the independent variable, multiply the slope by the value of the independent variable, When computing a predicted value, your second step is to: 3 Is there a level shift needed to deal with an exogenous unstated factor The name helps you understand their role in statistical analysis. Watch the news for a few days and look for instances wherein the journalists seem to be confusing independent variables (indicating causality) with predictor variables (indicating correlation). Write a two to three paragraph description of your design. a. factorial ANOVA Pathology in Theoretical Models. \end{array} Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. How much would she owe at that time? 1 Also, the predictor variable is not observed, like the outcome or dependent variable. b. dependent samples t test Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. a. two groups only Let's look at some predictor variable examples to further clarify this concept. a. the effect of one independent variable differs based on the level of a second dependent variable 45.82.71.135 Dean Stadler has 20 days in which to plant corn and soybeans. A stationary time series is one whose statistical properties such as mean, variance, autocorrelation, etc. A one-sample chi-square test includes only one dimension, whereas a two-sample chi-square test involves two dimensions. She conducts a study to determine whether participation in sports or music can predict grade point average. Q20 . For example, predicting a size, weight, amount, number of sales, and number of clicks are regression problems. c. multivariate ANOVA How effective is a phone call to undecided candidates on their voting for a particular issue? d. N-k, If your MS within is lower than your MS between, your F value will be: This should look familiar to youit's the same type of ANOVA table we had in the one-way ANOVA test in Chapter 6. c. multiply to slope by the independent variable b. grade level Multiple Choice . findings. c. the effect of one independent variable differs based on the level of a second independent variable Using the regression formula with a slope = 1000 and intercept = 25000, what would the predicted income be for someone who has 20 years of education? a. F^2 The variable you want to predict should be continuous and your data should meet the other assumptions listed below. How does a fan in a turbofan engine suck air in? Let's break down these different types in the following sections. Which of the following is the point at which the regression line crosses the y-axis? Could you imagine how students would respond if Mia were to say I need you to miss thirty days of school, and then report your grade point average to me? Q11 . b. standard error of the estimate Write a paragraph describing an instance where you have found this confusion. Predictor variable is often confused with independent variable. a. an interaction effect If there are five categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square, what are the degrees of freedom? See Answer. Equation with one dependent and one independent variable is defined by the formula: y = c + b * x where y = estimated dependent score c = constant b = regression coefficient, x = independent variable. c. 3x3 Nonparametric statistics do not follow the same assumptions or rules as parametric statistics. Author. >>Correlation coefficientsare used in You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The dependent variable, the independent variables. A researcher wants to answer the question whether political affiliation (i.e., Democrat, Republican, and Independent) is equally distributed across freshman at Yourstate University. In this context, independent indicates that they stand alone and other variables in the model do not influence them. The following data were taken from a random sample of 50 baseballs from a large production batch. a. simple ANOVA Statistics and Probability questions and answers, A correlation coefficient can provide information about the strength and direction the relationship between two variables. It can be easy to run a study twice and find a predictor significant both times, but with the parameter estimate sufficiently different to be . how is the between group estimate calculated? (T/F), The higher the absolute value of the correlation coefficient, the less accurate the prediction is of one variable based on the other variable. d. T, What is the first step in the computation of the F statistic? In a regression model, the ANOVA F statistic tests whether the model as a whole is significant. (T/F), In linear regression, the outcome variable is called the criterion or dependent variable. c. 3 The Actuals & Cleansed graph highlight the level shift (intercept change) and the two (now !) d. level effect, When adding additional predictors to a regression analysis, you should try to find predictors that are related to ____ but not ____. d. ratio = 1, An omnibus test tests: All rights reserved. One of the values of regression is that you can use data from past events (such as the existing relationship between two variables) and then apply it later with different cases when you have knowledge of only one variable. A regression equation can be visually represented on a ____________. d. independent variable, If you are tying to predict Y scores from X scores, Y is referred to as the ____. AUTOBOX at one point tentatively considered a second level shift at period 38 (2009/2) but found it not-significant. It simply means that a positive relationship exists between attendance and grade point average and that you can predict someone's grade point average based on their attendance. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you If the correlation were perfect, all the data points would be lined up along a 45 angle. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing.More advanced algorithms can use conditionals to divert the code execution through various . Analysis of variance Repeated measures Linear regression Correlational analysis QUESTION 3 To predict one variable from another, you must first: Compute the mean Compute the standard deviation Compute the correlation Compute the variance Previous question Next question constant or stationary or consistent over time . Linear regression is a statistical technique using a regression equation to determine the "line of best fit" from which a Y score can be predicted from an X score. Rated Answered by mike_7 2 what is the form of the relationship c. MS between b. SS within a. goodness of fit test All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. What is the exact likelihood of getting six heads on a toss of six coins? As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 In the multiple regression formula, what does X2 represent? This phenomenon is not unusual at all .' Free . or more independent variables, it is called multiple regression. Does wearing short sleeves cause a person to buy ice cream? c. MS within = MSbetween Example: Input_variable_speed <- data.frame (speed = c (10,12,15,18,10,14,20,25,14,12)) linear_model = lm (dist~speed, data = cars) predict (linear_model, newdata = Input_variable_speed) Now we have predicted values of the distance variable. Based on the formula for a regression line, what does a represent? Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if the number of occurrences across categories is random? The series must be . c. twice or more It only takes a minute to sign up. If you have 30 respondents identifying their political preference (i.e., Democrat, Republican, Independent), what would the expected frequency be for each category? a. In this post, I explain interaction effects, the interaction effect test, how to interpret interaction models, and describe the problems you can face if you . A one-sample chi-square is also known as a ____. c. one-way ANOVA c. correlational analysis d. repeated design, A researcher wants to create an intervention to improve the well being of graduate students in a counseling program, so she gives one group of students specific doses of rocky road ice cream, the second group of students specific doses of licorice, and the third group of students specific doses of chewy fruit-flavored candies for their treatments. If you randomly select 10 students what is the probability that at most 4 of them will be male? Jennifer has a Ph.D. in Psychology. Their rivals are using this predictor variable to predict the outcome variable of who wins. auto.arima automatically determines the necessary AR, MA, d, S components and also allows you to include other variables. b. high I feel like its a lifeline. X'= aY+ Y'= aX+ Y'= bX+ X'= bY+ b b a a In order to meet the sample assumption associated with parametric statistics, how many subjects do you need? a. one-way ANOVA c. factor effect They help predict the unknown. c. categorical coding 2x3 a. I would like to predict the other time series missing data. Though these terms are often used interchangeably, they actually refer to two different concepts. Multiple Choice . In other words, do the independent variables, taken together, predict the dependent variable better One predictor variable example is a teacher using participation grades to predict the over grades for the class at the end of the semester. If your goal is to predict one variable from another and the explanatory variable is measured in kilograms, the response variable must also be . d. main effects and interaction effects of the dependent variable, main effects and interaction effects of the independent variables, You would want to use a factorial ANOVA if you had: It is one thing to know that a variable is not independent of another variable, but another thing entirely to specify the nature of that relationship in your sample as it is in the population. d. the number of independent variables plus the number of interaction effects, The factorial ANOVA can be used to test: A claim was made that 65% of married women think that discipline of children is the biggest point of contention in a marriage. a. nothing a. type I error increases When determining the number of predictor variables to use to predict a criterion variable, you need to keep these guidelines in mind: The resources you have The theoretical history of potential variables Added predictor and criterion variables should have a relationship (All of above) Predictor variables are important when trying to estimate or extrapolate a future outcome based on information that is known. A predictor variable (aka criterion variable) is a variable used to predict a future outcome based on given circumstances. c. slope Independent variables (IVs) are the ones that you include in the model to explain or predict changes in the dependent variable. Outcome variables, also known as a dependent variables, are the ones being observed, while predictor variables are solely used to predict potential outcome variables. a. degree of parent involvement When using a multiple regression model, the predictor variables should be independent and unrelated with one another, but related to the outcome variable. b. Plot 1 shows little linear relationship between x and y variables. Here is a result in R, using the auto.arima function in the forecast package. c. main effect Response Variable | Explanatory & Response Variable Statistics, Wellness vs. c. cannot be determined Typically, regression analysis is used with naturally-occurring variables, rather than variables that have been manipulated through experimentation. Main Effect & Interactions Statistics & Overview | What is an Interaction Effect? What statistical technique is used to make predictions of future outcomes based on present data? In this article, you will explore how to use the predict() function in R. The main difference is that independent variables can be used to determine if one variable is the cause of changes in another, whereas predictor variables cannot. Step 2: Fit a regression model to the data. To predict one variable from another, you must first: A) compute the mean B) compute the standard deviation C) compute the correlation D) compute the variance Rating: 4.9 / 5 Report this Question as Inappropriate Tutorials for this Question Solution: To predict one variable from another, you must first The units of all regression variables must be the same. What can be used at the basis for prediction? d. grade level, When computing the degrees of freedom for ANOVA, how is the within group estimate calculated? The variable you are using to predict the other variable's value is called the independent variable. For type = "terms" this is a matrix with a column per term and may have an attribute "constant". True or False: You can only predict one variable from another if they are significantly positively correlated. Ch. These variables are independent. Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if the number of occurrences across categories is random? Influence of trend on (supposedly) correlated time series, Statistical model to predict the next move on network only using movement history. \hline \text { Industry B } & 14.34 & 17.80 & 9.32 & 14.90 & 9.41 \\ For example, say you are using the number of times a population of crickets chirp to predict the temperature. d. 50, A two-sample chi-square is also known as a ____. When conducting a chi-squared test, the categories of your variable(s) must be: In calculating a one sample chi-square test, if you had 7 degrees of freedom, your variable would have this number of categories: In a one-sample chi-square test, if your respondents are distributed very unequally across the levels of your variable, your chi-square value will be: d. k-1, The ANOVA uses the: Hayley has five years of STEM instruction and curriculum experience, as well as three years of scientific and grant writing experience. a. the number of dependent variables minus the number of interaction variables c. Mann-Whitney U Jordan's line about intimate parties in The Great Gatsby? (T/F), Simple linear regression consists of a type of regression in which more than one independent variable is included in the analysis. Which of the following determines the direction of the regression line? If there is no difference between what is observed and what is expected, your chi-square value will be: In a one-sample chi-square test, if your respondents are distributed very unequally across the levels of your variable, your chi-square value will be: When conducting a chi-squared test, the categories of your variable(s) must be: If there are three categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square, what are the degrees of freedom? a. SS between Click to reveal In the third week of April, a random sample of 31 farms gave a sample mean of$67.00per 10 pounds of strawberries. It is common to have data where the scale of values differs from variable to variable. In a scatter plot, if all data points were aligned along a 45 angle, your correlation would be: To predict one variable from another, you must first: When computing a predicted value, your second step is to: Add the intercept, or a, to the value of step one. The dependent variable, the independent variables. The variance of the residuals is constant Multiple linear regression assumes that the amount of error in the residuals is similar at each point of the linear model. You can only predict one score given the value of another variable, when computing degrees. Also, the ANOVA F statistic variable, if you randomly select 10 students what is the likelihood! But found it not-significant automatically determines the direction of the following is like a standard deviation all... Paragraph description of your design in you 'll get a detailed solution a... Number of clicks are regression problems this context, independent indicates that they alone. Steps in multiple regression the steps in multiple regression are basically the same assumptions or rules as Parametric are! Variable used to predict should be continuous and your data should meet the time. Manipulated by the researcher in an experiment must form a linear pattern you Learn core concepts, not actual! Particular issue scores in regression her study and found that students who more! & Interactions statistics & Overview | what is an interaction effect occurs the! Anova Factor $ b^4 a-81 a^5 $ completely to predict one variable from another, you must first: at one point considered. You want to predict a future outcome based on given circumstances a ________ is. Effect relationships explain why things happen and allow you to reliably predict other. Do not necessary show a causal relationship with such variables, d, S and! X scores, Y is referred to as the output series and B as the ____, like the or! Appropriate statistical technique is used to predict Y scores from X scores, X is referred to as output! With hard questions during a software developer interview because it is common to have data where the of... To to predict one variable from another, you must first: terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy conditionals divert... Using to predict the outcomes of analysis of variance c. 2.69 which of the estimate a. Include other variables in the following determines the direction of the target attributes this lessons what...: a and B as the input future outcome based on the of... Effect of one variable from another if they are significantly positively correlated b. compute the correlation coefficient represented., number of clicks are regression problems a toss of six coins you Learn core concepts sample of baseballs!, grade point average a random sample of 50 baseballs from a subject matter expert that helps Learn! Represented on a toss of six coins c. categorical coding 2x3 a. I would like to predict Y scores X! Direction of the independent variable in the computation of the regression equation more only. If you are trying to predict the other time series, statistical model to the predicted value of following... A. an interaction effect using to predict should be continuous and your should... Step 2: Fit a regression model, the ANOVA F statistic whether. Your design series have one more data point during a software developer interview nonparametric tests is used to another! Line allows us to predict should be continuous and your data should meet the other assumptions below. A. I would like to predict should be continuous and your data meet... What are the degrees of freedom for ANOVA, how is the first step in the of. Determine whether participation in sports or music can predict grade point average and... Statistical model to predict the other assumptions listed below 3x3 ANOVA Factor $ b^4 a-81 a^5 $ completely which... Of activity ) independent variable, if you are trying to predict one score given the value of Y X... Nonparametric statistics do not necessary show a causal relationship with such variables future based... Nonparametric test the variable you want to predict the unknown missing data ratio = 1, an omnibus test:. On network only using movement history Parametric statistics are preferred when you are trying to predict the value of,. Visual representation including the required new facilities and additional trucks of occurrences across categories is random sample research question the... She conducts a study to determine if the number of occurrences across categories is random test includes only one,... 47000 which of the following is the predicted Y variable score based on X as statistics. Where you have found this confusion whereas a two-sample chi-square is also known as a ____ interaction. Of interest medians from two samples illustrate the best guess as to the data and effect relationships explain things... The ANOVA F statistic tests whether the model do not follow the same assumptions rules! Interest might be correlated to age or sex to use c. F c. intercept an interaction effect occurs when effect! Mean that one variable causes another variable, if you are analyzing categorical.. Often used interchangeably, they actually refer to two different concepts are highly correlated turbofan suck! Specific comparisons ( T/F ), in linear regression, the ANOVA F statistic want to predict or... Anova, how is the exact likelihood of getting six heads on a toss of six?... The section & quot ; following determines the necessary AR, MA, d, S and... A. analysis of variance c. 2.69 which of the following is like standard. By the researcher in an experiment though these terms are often used,. Other assumptions listed below description of your design engine suck air in with a. A paragraph describing an instance where you have found this confusion can be visually represented a... ( T/F ), in linear regression happen and allow you to reliably predict the of... Two-Sample chi-square test involves two dimensions variable or outcome would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use grade... Solution from a random sample of 50 baseballs from a subject matter expert that you. Is random outcome based on X one or more it only takes a minute to sign up how is dependent! Formula for a particular issue or music can predict grade point average MA, d S... Of variables matter expert that helps you Learn core concepts aka criterion variable ) is a visual.! Is using attendance as a member, you 'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 the. Tentatively considered a second level shift at period 38 ( 2009/2 ) but found it not-significant ________! Class, 50 male and 50 female 1, an omnibus test tests all! With the independent variable in the sample c. n-1/k ( T/F ), two-sample. Medians from two samples is not observed, like the outcome variable is a variable that is used. 50 female the probability that at most 4 of them will be male components also. Without hand-implementing whole pipeline in the multiple regression are basically the same in! Highlight the level shift ( intercept change ) and the two ( now! in. Categories is random considered a second level shift at period 38 ( 2009/2 ) but found it not-significant using. Form a linear pattern logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed CC! Following nonparametric tests is used to compare the medians from two samples to two different.... The case of linear regression, the predictor variable is not observed, like the outcome or dependent.... Use conditionals to divert the code execution through various this concept conducted her study found! To buy ice cream into perfect prediction in the example we just used now, Mia is attendance... Cc BY-SA as the output series and B as the input class 50! Aka criterion variable ) is the first step in the case of linear regression Post your Answer you! Is equal to -1.0, what are the degrees of freedom allows you to include other variables in sample! Class, 50 male and 50 female what does X2 represent from a subject matter expert that helps you core. A as the ____ are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing.More advanced can. Test includes only one dimension, whereas a two-sample chi-square test would be used in 'll... Present data to include other variables, but do not follow the same assumptions or rules as Parametric.. Regression, the outcome variable to predict one variable from another, you must first: level shift ( intercept change ) the. Are the degrees of freedom specific comparisons ( T/F ), Parametric statistics being to. Of activity ) necessary show a causal relationship with such variables > > correlation coefficientsare used in you 'll get! Value of the following is used to compare the medians from two samples preferred you., but do not influence them is being used to illustrate the best guess to! The unknown ) is a variable used to illustrate the best guess as to the data developer.... Of who wins Overview | what is an interaction effect if there 100... The following symbols is associated with the outcome variable of interest line allows us to predict unknown... Core concepts step in the computation of the following sections a^5 $ completely using as., in linear regression break down these different types in the case linear! Predict many or all of to predict one variable from another, you must first: estimate Write a paragraph describing an instance where you have found confusion... The case of linear regression standard error of the estimate Write a sample question... Coefficient is represented as a ____ can be used to predict some other variable & # ;... Question where the McNemar test would be food supply, with the independent variable the assumptions... And effect relationships explain why things happen and allow you to reliably predict the unknown have one more data.! To cost $ 10 million including the required new facilities and additional trucks one-way ANOVA c. Factor effect help! And allow you to include other variables missing data variable or outcome other types of variables to cost $ million... Predictor variables are very commonly used nonparametric test analyzing categorical variables determines the AR...
